1. 形容词的位置：
代名形容词＋数量形容词＋性状形容词＋名词
再细分如下：
1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such...)＋2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any...)＋3序数(first, second...)＋4基数(one, two...)＋5性质、状态(kind, fine, good...)＋6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big...)＋7新旧、温度(old, new, hot...)＋8颜色(red, blue...)＋9国籍(Chinese, English, Japanese...)＋10材料(iron, brick, stone...)＋11名词、动名词(boy, house...)

2. some和any的用法：
（1）两者修饰可数单数名词，表某一个；任何一个； 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词，表一些；有些。
〔2）一般的用法：some用于肯定句；any用于疑问句，否定句或条件句。
I am looking for some matches.
Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.
〔3）特殊的用法：
A 在期望对方肯定的回答时，问句也用some。
Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)
B any表任何或任何一个时，也可用于肯定句。
Come any day you like.
（4）some和any后没有名词时，当做代名词， 此外两者也可做副词。
Some of them are my students.〔代名词）
Is your mother any better?（副词）

3. many和much的用法：
〔1）many修饰复数可数名词，表许多； much修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。
He has many friends, but few true ones.
There hasn't been much good weather recently.
（2）many a:
many a和many同义，但语气比较强，并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。
Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)
〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like时, 只用so many。
These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.
They worked like so many ants.
（4）as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。
He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量）
I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情）
（5）many和much之后不接名词时，作为代名词；另外much也可用副词。
Many of them were very tired.
I don't eat much for lunch. 〔代名词）
He is much taller than I. （副词〕

4. (a) few和(a) little的用法：
(1) (a) few用在复数可数名词之前，(a) little用在不可数名词之前。
He took a few biscuits. (=several)
He took few biscuits(=not many)
He took a little butter. (=some)
He took little butter. (=not much)
(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代，含否定的意味。
The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.
Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.
(3) a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。
He has a few (=some or several) friends.
(4) a little和little之间的差别，就和a few和few的差别一样，只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.
He is not much better, but there is a little hope.
5. 其他的数量形容词：
(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.（复数名词）
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.（不可数名词）
(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表（量），修饰不可数名词。
The room contained a great deal of furniture.（不可数名词）
The room contained a good deal of furniture.（不可数名词）
The room contained a large quantity of furniture.（不可数名词）
The room contained a large amount of furniture.（不可数名词）
The room contained a small quantity of furniture.（不可数名词）
The room contained a small amount of furniture.（不可数名词）
(3) a number of"许多；一些"；a great (large, good) mumber of"许多"，修饰复数可数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。
A number of books are missing from the library.
The number of books from the library is large.
（the number of ＋复数名词←→单数动词）
The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.（复数可数名词）
(4) enough的用法：
(A) 可接复数可数名词和不可数名词。
There are enough chairs.（可数）
There is enough furniture.（不可数）
可放在年修饰名词的前后。
We don't have enough time. =We don't have time enough.
(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of ＋复数可数名词
冠词或数词(one, two...) ＋ (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词
(6) the rest of"其余的"，可接复数可数名词及不可数名词，作主词时，接可数名词则用复数动词，接不可数名词则用单数动词。
The rest of the students are absent.（复数可数名词）
The rest of the water was thrown away.（不可数名词）
注：the rest作代名词，等于the others，和复数动词连用。

6. 不可数名词量的表示语：
(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。其公式为：
数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词
(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。
(A) 物质名词：
a piece (suit) of armour;
a piece (slice) of cake;
a piece (an article) of furniture;
a piece of jewelry;
a piece (sheet) of paper;
a cake of soap;
a piece (slice) of bacon;
a piece (stick) of chalk;
a bit (blade) of grass;
a piece (strip) of land;
a bit (grain) of rice;
a bowl of soup;
抽象名词
a word of abuse;
an item (a bit) of business;
an attack of fever;
a bit (an amount) of interest;
a fit of passion;
a piece (word) of advice;
a piece of evidence;
a piece (an item) of information;
a piece (an item) of news;
(C) 自然现象：
a flash of lightening;
a bolt of thunder;

7. 名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of,
(1) 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。
What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
I don't like that sort of game.
(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.
I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
(3) 比较下列用法：（加*表非正式用法）
I don't like this (*those) kind of person.
I don't like many (or these) kinds of roses.
I like this kind of flower.
I like flowers of this kind.
I like *these kind of flowers.
I like this kind of roses.
I like roses of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）
I like roses of these kinds.（置名词后更强调种类）

8. 数词：
(1) 基数(Cardinal numerals)：one, two, three...
(A) 除one接单数名词外，其余均接复数名词。
He has one sister and three brothers.
hundred的后面须加and（但可以省略）。
12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;
(2) 序数(Ordinal mumerals)：first, second, third...
(A) 序数前面必须附以定冠词。而a second, a third等，则是another的意思。
日期多用序数。
It's on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 5th).
(C) 序数的简体。
9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;
(3) 分数：
(A) 分数的表示法：第一，分子用基数，分母用序数。第二，分子大于2时，分母须加"s"以形成复数。
1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quater;
分数可接与不可数名词；所接的名词是单数，则与单数动词连用，是复数则与复数动词连用。
A third of the peach was bad.
A third of the bananas were bad.
(4) 倍数词：常用的有half, double, treble（三倍）等。
(A) half a, a half, half the ＋名词，表（一半的）。
He ran a half mile in half an hour.
He ran half a mile in half an hour.
I have read half the book.
half还可作名词，代名词及副词。
Two halves make a whole.（名词）
This is half as much again as that.（副词）
(C) 倍数常用的表达法：
(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times...) ＋定冠词或所有形容词＋名词或所有代名词
I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.
That window is three times the size of this.

9. "数词＋名词"结合而成的形容词：
(1) 数词＋名词＝形容词
a five-dollar bill;
two three-hour periods;
the Three-power Conference(三强会议);
(2) 数词＋名词＋形容词＝形容词
a six-year-old boy;
a three-hundred-year-old tree;
注：上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结，而且其中的名词要用单数形式。
(3) 名词（无冠词）＋基数＝the ＋序数＋名词
World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;
Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;
Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;
Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;
Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;
Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;
cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;
（这几种用法，非专有名词，可不用大写，但等号两边须一致。〕
(4) "数词＋复数名词"作主词，虽为复数形，但强调单一性，则用单数动词。若强调一个一个的个别数，则用复数动词。
Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.
Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.
cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.

10. 各种数字的读法：
(1) 年号的读法：
1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;
(2) 电话号码；货币的读法：
1023←→one 0 two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);
(3) 小数点的读法：
13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23=nought demical two three;
(4) 算术式的读法：
2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.
5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.
3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.
9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.

形容词（二〕：
1. 限定用法：形容词紧靠着〔代）名词，直接修饰该〔代）名词。
(1) 前位修饰：
(A) 字尾为en或表比较的形容词，大多只能作限定用法，放在名词的前面。
a wooden leg; earthen ware; his elder sister; the upper room, etc.
下列这些形容词只有限定用法，没有叙述用法。
upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare;
(C) 形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
He could not do it in so short a time.
He is no less remarkable a man than his elfer brother (is).
(2) 后位修饰：
(A) 名词之后的数词＋名词＋old; long; high; wide; deep; etc.
a man eighty-five years ild; a river two hundred miles long;
为加强语气或音调美，而将限定形容词放在后面。
He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute.
(C) something; anything; everyone; anybody... ＋ 形容词。
I'll tell you something very inportant.
That's nothing new.
(D) 由形容词子句省略主词和动词而不的过去（或现在）分词或形容词片语。
I have answered all the letters (which were) received (by me).
Alfred was a king anxious for his people's welfare.

2. 叙述用法：形容词作补语，间接地修饰〔代）名词。
He was awake all the night. 〔主词补语）
The noise kept me awake. 〔受词补语）
注：可作限定用法和叙述用法的形容词。
I have many trustworthy friends. 和 All of my friends are trustworthy.
It was a hot and sultry day. 和 The weather became hot and sultry.

3. 作补语的形容词：
(1) be＋形容词＋介系词：由此结合而成的片语，有些等于及物动词。
I am fond of skiing. = I like skiing.
He is afraid of it. = He fears it.
注：其他如：be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with (to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.
(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词，其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介词。
John is interested in English grammar.
He was surprised at her behaviour.
(3) be＋形容词＋介系词：可接〔代）名词，动名词，或名词子句，但名词子句若是that子句须省略介词，因that子句不可直接作介词的受词。
She was not aware of the facts.
She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.
She was not aware that there is danger.
(4) It+ be ＋形容词＋that子句
It is true that she never came.
此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true; etc.
(A) that子句中的假设法。
It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should可省略〕
人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。
I'm not sure why he came.
I'm not clear where she went.



在日常生活中，当我们的朋友、亲人远行或过生日或取得成绩的时候，我们通常要表达出我们由衷的祝愿。英语里的祝愿句型非常丰富，在日常交际中运用广。下面介绍一些英语中常用祝愿句型，大家可根据具体情况灵活运用。
1．wish sb. sth... 如:
I wish you good luck. 祝你好运。
I wish you every success in your new post! 祝你在新的工作岗位上一切顺利!
在这种结构中，主语也可省略而用wish或wishing开头。例如：
Wish/Wishing you many happy returns of your birthday! 祝你长寿!
2. wish sb. to do... 如：
I wish you to succeed in your performance. 预祝你演出成功。
Let us wish you to win still greater victories. 祝你们夺取更大的胜利
此种结构中，也可以直接用wish或wishing开头。例如：
Wish/Wishing you to get well soon. 祝你早日康复。
3. I/We + hope that... 如：
I hope all is going well with your family. 祝你全家安好。
此种结构中也可省略主语部分而直接用hope或hoping开头，其至可以只用后面的谓语部分：例如：
Hope/Hoping you have a nice Christmas. 祝你圣诞快乐!
Have a wonderful time on Mid-Autumn Day. 祝中秋快乐！
Relax and enjoy yourself on your trip. 祝你旅途轻松愉快！
4. May + sb. / sth. + do 如：
May you return safe and sound. 祝你平安归未。
May all happiness attend you. 祝你永远幸福。
这种结构中may也可省略，省略后有时用倒装句式来突出祝愿的内容。例如：
God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!
Long live our motherland! 祖国万岁!
5. Let me + send / offer +wish(es) + for（表祝愿的内容）。如：
Let me offer my hearty good wishes for your success. 请让我衷心地祝愿你成功。
为了简化．句中的主语谓语也可省略。例如：
Best wishes for New Year's Day! 元旦快乐!
6. 祝愿内容 + to(祝愿对象)。如：
Success to you all! 祝诸位成功!
Good luck to everyone! 祝大家好运!
为了更加简洁明快，介词短语也可省略。例如：
Merry Christmas! 圣诞快乐！
Happy birthday! 生日快乐!
Better luck next time! 祝下次运气更好?
7. With + adj + wish (wishes) + for... 如：
With every good wish for complete success of the meeting! 祝会议圆满成功!

一、ABOUT
1.动词+about+sth.。about在此表示"论及，谈起，涉及，着手"等意思：arrange about安排，argue about辩论, ask about询问，bring about带来，chat about闲聊，care about在意，complain about报怨，go about着手，hear about听说, inquire about打听,know about了解， quarrel about争论，read about读到, see about负责处理，set about开始, speak about谈起, talk about谈论, think about考虑, trouble about担心，tell about讲述，worry about着急。现举例说明其中一些短语的用法：
She inquired about my brother. 她向我打听有关我兄弟的情况。
I must set about my packing. 我必须开始收拾行装。
What are you chatting about? 你们在聊什么呢？
2. be +形容词+about+sth.。about在此意思是"为…，对…"，接表原因的词：be anxious about为…着急, be bad about对…感到不舒服，be busy about忙于…, be careful about小心…, be certain about对…有把握, be concerned about关心…, be crazy about为…发狂，be excited about为…感到激动, be happy about为…而高兴, be mad about为…发疯，be nervous about对…感到紧张, be particular about挑剔…, be pleased about为…兴奋，be strict about对…严格，be thoughtful about对…考虑周到的，be uneasy about为…感受到不安。请看例句：
What have you been busy about today? 今天在忙些什么？
You are certainly very thoughtful about others. 你为别人想得太周到了。
I'm strict about such things. 对这些事我是很严格的。
注：come about发生，get about（疾病、谣言）流行，turn about转身，leave about到处乱放，lie about随便堆放，put about打扰;传播，put oneself about使…发愁。这些词组中about作副词，此时about不能接宾语。
二、AFTER
1.动词+ after。介词after有"追赶，问候，效仿"之意：ask after问候, be after寻求, do(sth.)after学着做，go after设法得到, inquire after问候, look after寻找, run after追求, seek after追逐, take after长得像。例如：
Every afternoon he called to ask after his girl friend. 他每天下午都打电话问候他的女朋友。
The boy takes after his father. 这男孩长得像他父亲。
The dogs went after the wounded deer. 一群狗在追赶那只受伤的鹿。
2.after构成的其它短语。after在不同的短语中意思各异： after a little/moment/while过了一会，after all毕竟,after dark天黑以后，after one's heart合…的心, after school放学后， after service售后服务，after the fashion勉强， day after day日复一日，one after another一个接一个，year after year年复一年。例如：
Don't be too strict with him. After all he is still a child. 不要太苛刻了，毕竟他还是个孩子。
He can speak and write English after a fashion. 他多少会说和写一点英语，但不太好。
三、AT
1.动词+ at。at表示"指向某一目标，到达某地"：arrive at抵达, call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火, glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤，knock at敲, laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴，smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视, thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖，wonder at吃惊，work at工作。例如：
Don't let me catch you again at it.不要再让我当场逮住你。
We must "shoot the arrow at the target". 我们必须有的放矢。
They trembled at the sight of the peasant's spears. 看到农民的梭标，他们阵阵发抖。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at。其中at表示"情绪、情感的原因，或对某物具有某种感情"：be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉, be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧, be delighted at高兴，be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望，be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于, be pleased at对…感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意, be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at对…非常震惊，be terrified at受到…的恐吓, be quick at对…很机敏。例如：
They were overjoyed at his return to work. 他们对他重返工作感到欣喜。
They are alarmed at the growth of the liberation movement in the colonies. 他们对殖民地日益壮大的解放运动警觉起来。
3.at+名词构成的词组：at a distance在一定距离，at a loss不知所措，at a time一次，at all一点也不，at any cost不惜一切代价，at best最好也只是，at first起初，at hand手头，at heart在内心里，at home在家；无拘束，at last最后，at least至少，at most最多，at once马上，

at present目前，at sea不知所措，at times有时，at will任意地，at work起作用，at worst最坏。
4.其它含有at的短语：work hard at勤奋工作，drop in at顺路拜访。
四、FOR
1.动词+for
a)动词+for。for表原因、目的：account for解释；说明, answer for对…负责, apply for申请；请求, apologize for为…而道歉, beg for请求, call for要求, care for在意, enter for报名参加, fight for为…而战, hope for希望, inquire for查询；求见, leave for离开某地到另一地, look for寻找, long for盼望, mistake for误认为, plan for计划做某事, prepare for为…作准备, provide for为…提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for竞选, stand for象征, search for搜寻, send for派人去请, speak for陈述意见、愿望, take for当作, wish for希望, wait for等待。例如：
His illness accounts for his absence. 他因病缺席。
The baby reached for the apple but couldn't reach it. 那婴儿伸手去苹果，但够不着。
He who would search for pearls must dive below. 要想找到珍珠，必须潜到海底。
b)动词+sb.+ for +sth.。for表示原因或目的：ask for要求得到, blame for因…责备, excuse for宽恕, forgive for谅解, pardon for原谅, pay for花钱买, praise for称赞, punish for对…进行惩罚, push for催逼，reward for酬谢, thank for对…表示谢意。例如：
Please excuse me for my being late. 请原谅我的迟到。
Forgive me for my keeping you waiting. 请见谅，让你久等了。
2. be +形容词+for。for表作用、目的、对人或物有某种情绪等：be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于, be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以…出名, be fit for适合于, be grateful for对…心存感激, be impatient for对…不耐烦, be late for迟到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好准备, be sorry for为…而后悔, be responsible for对…负责, be suitable for适合于, be unfit for不适合, be useful for对…有作用。例如：
He is eager for success. 他渴望成功。
The government is responsible for the nation's welfare. 政府负责民众的福利。
3.for+名词构成的词组：for all尽管，for a song非常便宜地，for certain确切地，for company陪着，for ever永远，for example例如，for fear以免，for fair肯定地，for free免费，for fun为了好玩，for good永远，for instance比方，for luck祝福，for life终身，for long长久，for nothing白白地，for once有生第一次，for oneself替自己，for pleasure为了消遣，for reason因为…理由，for sale供出售，for shame真不害臊，for short简称，for sport好玩，for sure确切地。
4.动词+副词/名词+for构成的短语：be in for将遇到，make up for弥补，go in for从事，l o ok out for提防，take sth. for granted把…当作理所当然, have an ear for音感好, have a gift for有某方面的天赋。
五、FROM
1.动词+from
a)动词+ from。from表示"来源、原因、起�"等：come from来自, date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出, fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信, learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回，rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。例如：
All the characters in the book are drawn from real life. 书中所有的人物都来自于真实的生活。
Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower. 因疏忽引起的任何损坏都应由借用者负责赔偿。
He has recovered from his surprise. 他好不容易回过神来。
b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place。from表示"来源、免于"等：borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做, prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到, remove from移动；除去, save from保全；拯救, separate from分离开来, stop from阻止。例如：
He was excused from attendance at the lecture. 他获准可不去听课。
Stop the child from spoiling the book. 不要让孩子弄坏了书。
2. be +形容词+ from。此时from含义众多：be absent from缺席, be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避, be made from用…制成, be tired from因…而疲倦。例如：
The boy can't walk and is far from running.那男孩不会走路，更不用说跑了。　
3.from…to…。本短语表示从一种状态到另一状态的变化或从…到…：from bad to worse每况愈下，from beginning to end自始至终，from cover to cover从头到尾，from China to Peru到处，from day to day一天一天地，from door to door挨家挨户，from end to end从头至尾，from first to last自始至终，from hand to mouth勉强糊口，from head to foot从头到脚，from mouth to mouth广泛流传，from sun to sun从日出到日落，from start to finish从头开始，from top to toe从头到脚，from time to time不时地，from top to bottom彻底地。
六、IN
1.动词+in
a)动词+ in。in在短语中的含义异常丰富：believe in信任, break in碎成，bring in引起；产生；带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获, hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享, succeed in成功, take in卷起；订阅, turn in归还当局。例如：
He was so short of money that he had to call in the loans that he had made. 他很缺乏资金，不得不收回所有的款子。
Your failure lies in your laziness. 你失败的原因在于懒惰。
Orders are given to take in sail.已发布收帆的命令。
b)动词+sb./time/money+ in。介词in后接（doing）sth.：help sb. in帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事, spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事, waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。例如：
She offered to help him in the housekeeping when I am not here. 她提出，我不在家时她可以帮助他料理家务。
2. be +形容词+ in。in表示"在某些方面或穿�"：be active in活跃于, be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于, be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in对…失望, be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在…有经验, be employed in任职于, be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in在…优秀, be interested in对…有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有, be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于, be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。例如：
She was completely absorbed in her own affairs. 她完全专注于自己的事务。
More than one person has been concerned in this. 不只一人牵涉到这件事。　
3. in +名词。 in表示"处于某种状态或在某些方面"等意思：in advance提前,in all总共，in balance总而言之，in bed卧床，in body亲自，in brief简明扼要，in case万一, in charge主管，in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,in force大量地；有效，in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来, in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自, in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看, in rags穿着破衣, in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟, in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪, in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地，in view看得见。
注意下列几个词组中的in为副词：check in到达登记，cut in插嘴，count in包括, draw in时间接近, drop in顺路拜访, give in屈服, pour in源源而来。
七、OF
1.动词+of
a)动词+of。of意为"有关，由于"： beg of(sb.)请求某人,complain of抱怨，consist of由…构成, die of死于, dream of梦想, hear of听说, know of了解, speak of谈及, tell of讲到, think of想起, talk of论及。例如：
Never has one of them complained of all the trouble we give. 从来没有人抱怨我们带来这么多麻烦。
Carbon dioxide consists of carbon and oxygen. 二氧化碳由碳、氧两种元素组成。
b)动词+sb.+of+sth.。其中of有"剥夺，有关"之意：accuse of控告（谴责，非难）某人, cheat of骗走, deprive of剥夺, inform of汇报, rob of抢走, remind of提醒, warn of警告。例如：
He has cheated me of my poverty. 他骗走了我的财产。
They are deprived of their rights as citizens. 他们的公民权都被剥夺了。
c)动词+sth.+ of +sb.。介词of表动宾关系，后接动作的宾语sb.：request of请求(某人做某事), require of要求得到。例如：
All I request of you is that you should come here early. 我唯一的请求就是希望你早点来。
You have done all the law requires of you. 你做的这一切都是法律对你的要求。
2. be +形容词+ of。of后接表对象或目标的词，这类短语有很多：be aware of觉察, be ashamed of以…为耻, be afraid of担心, be bare of没有, be careful of小心, be clear of还清债务, be certain of确信, be composed of由…构成, be envious of嫉妒, be forgetful of健忘, be fond of喜欢, be free of免于；摆脱, be full of充满, be guilty of认罪, be hopeful of抱有希望, be informed of汇报, be impatient of对…无耐心, be jealous of嫉妒, be made of用…制成, be mindful of留意, be proud of以…为骄傲, be sick of烦于, be short of缺乏, be sure of确信, be tired of困于, be worthy of值得。
3.of+名词构成的词组：of age成年, of choice精选的，of course当然, of late最近，of name有名的，of oneself自动地，of purpose有意地，of use有用，of value有价值的。
八、ON
1.动词+on
a)动词+ on。介词on表示"凭借，产生某结果，接通"等意思：act on对…有作用, bring on促使；导致, call on拜访某人, count on依赖, carry on执行, depend on取决, feed on以…为生, figure on料想；推断, go on继续, have on穿着, insist on坚持, keep on继续, lean on依赖, live on以…为生, pull on迅速穿上, put on穿上, switch on接通（电源）, take to喜欢；养成；轻易学会，turn on接通（电源）, work on操作, wait on侍候。例如：
This kind of medicine acts on the heart. 这种药对心脏有好处。
The fine weather brings on the crops nicely. 好天气促使庄稼长势良好。
We count on you to help. 我们有赖你的帮助。
b)动词+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)。on的意思是"以…，对…，在某方面"：base on以…为基础, congratulate on恭贺, fix on固定, have mercy on怜悯, have pity on怜惜, keep watch on监视, spend on把时间、精力花在某方面。例如：
Theory should be based on practice. 理论联系实际。
Congratulate on your success in the competition. 恭喜你竞赛获得成功。
2.be+形容词+on的词组：be dependent on依赖, be hard on对某人苛刻, be impressed on对…印象深刻, be keen on渴望, be strict on对…严格。例如：
We can't just be dependent on our parents. 我们不能只依赖父母。
He is keen on going abroad. 他渴望出国。
3.on+名词构成的词组：on表示处于某种状态或在某个方位：on board乘（车,飞机）, on call听候召唤, on duty值班, on earth到底, on fire着火, on foot步行，on guard在岗，on hire雇用，on holiday度假，on leave休假，on one's knees跪下, on one's way在…的路上,on purpose故意, on sale待售，on shore在岸上, on time准时, on the move行动, on the other hand另一方面, on the spot当场, on the tip of one's tongue快要说出口, on top of在…的顶部，on watch值班。
九、TO
1.动词+to
a)动词+ to。介词to意为"达到，指向"等：adjust to适应, attend to处理；照料, agree to赞同, amount to加起来达…，belong to属于, come to达到, drink to为…干杯，get to到达, happen to发生在某人身上, hold to紧握, lead to通向, listen to听, occur to想起, object to反对, point to指向, respond to回答, refer to参考；指的是…；涉及, reply to回答, see to负责, stick to坚持, turn to求助, write to给某人写信。例如：
She must learn to adjust herself to English life. 她必须学会适应英国的生活。
Business has to be attended to. 有事要办。
An idea occurred to me. 我想出一个办法。
b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.。下列动词不能直接带间接宾语sb.，要接间接宾语时须在动词后加介词to：announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议, speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。例如：
She suggested to me one or two suitable people for the committee. 她跟我向委员会推举了一两个合适的人选。
c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.。此时介词to可译成"到，于，给"等意思：add to增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于, introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给, reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。例如：
Please add a piece of candy to coffee. 请给咖啡加块糖。
Poets like to compare life to stage. 诗人喜欢把人生比作舞台。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ to。to的意思是"对…"：be alive to觉察；晓得, be attentive to注意；留心, be awake to知晓, be blind to缺乏眼光, be close to紧挨着, be common to对某人来说很普通, be contrary to违反；反对, be devoted to致力, be deaf to不愿意听, be equal to有…的力量, be exposed to暴露；遭受, be fair to对…公平, be familiar to对某人来说熟悉, be grateful to对某人心存感激, be good to对…有好处, be harmful to对…有危害, be important to对…重要, be kind to友好对待, be known to周知于, be married to嫁给, be moved to转移到, be near to靠近, be necessary to对…有必要, be opposite to在对面, be opposed to反对, be pleasant to合某人之意, be proper to专属, be polite to礼貌待人, be rude to粗暴对待, be relative to与…有关, be strange to不习惯, be similar to类似, be suitable to适合, be true to忠实, be thankful to感激, be useful to对…有用, be used to习惯。例如：
Are you alive to what is going on? 你注意到发生什么事了吗？
The old man was not equal to the situation. 那老人不能应付这种情况。
His house is opposite to mine. 他的房子在我的房子对面。

3.to+名词构成的词组有：to a degree在某种程度上, to date到现在为止, to one's feet跳起来，to one's mind照…看来, to one's surprise使…吃惊, to one's taste符合胃口, to oneself独自享用, to order定做, to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地。
十、WITH
1.动词+ with
a)动词+ with。with接对象或目标，意思为"与…，从…"：agree with同意；适应, begin with从…开始, continue with继续, do with应付, deal with对付, fight with与…作战, fool with愚弄, hurry with忙于, mix with与…混合在一起, meet with偶遇, play with把玩, quarrel with与某人争吵, reason with与某人评理, settle with与人协商。例如：
Let's begin our class with an English song. 我们以一首英语歌开讲。
I meant to reason with you, but you won't reason. 我本要与你理论理论，但你不愿意。
b)动词+ sth./sb. + with + sth./sb.。介词with意为"以，用"：compare with与…比较, combine with与…混合, equip with以…装备, feed with用…喂养, furnish with用…装饰, provide with提供, replace with以…替代, supply with供给。例如：
Education must be combined with productive labour.教育应与生产力相结合。
They replaced slave labour with machines. 他们用机器代替奴工。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ with。介词with表示情绪的原因、凭借等意思：be angry with恼怒, be annoyed with使烦恼, be busy with忙于, be bored with使烦心, be burdened with担负, be crowded with拥挤着, be connected with与…联系, be covered with覆盖着, be concerned with关心, be content with对…满意, be disappointed with失望于, be delighted with对…感到高兴, be engaged with忙碌于, be exhausted with由于…而极度疲倦, be filled with充满, be familiar with熟悉, be friendly with对…友好, be occupied with忙碌, be overcome with极为, be popular with受…欢迎, be patient with对…有耐心, be pleased with对…高兴, be satisfied with满意于, be strict with对…严格, be wrong with有毛病, be wild with因…而欣喜。例如：
He was much annoyed with his son's behavior. 他对儿子的行为相当恼火。
I'm fully occupied with my daily work. 我忙碌于日常事务。
When he caught sight of her, he was overcome with despair. 看到她，他非常失望。
3.动词+副词/介词短语+with构成的词组: catch up with赶上, do away with废除, fall in love with爱上, get together with与…联欢,keep in touch with保持联系，keep up with赶上。
综上所述，常用介词搭配在英语中极其丰富，意义复杂多变。掌握这些搭配，对夯实基础、提高英语阅读水平和理解能力是大有裨益的。
二、英 语 中 的 概 数
学生在初中阶段学习了many, much, any, some等表示数量多少的概数，在高中阶段又接触了a great deal of, a large number of, scores of, dozens of, hundreds of thousands of等大量的概数。这些概数有明确的分工，有的用来修饰可数名词，有的可以限定不可数名词，有的两者皆可用。另外，还有以容器量化名词，用介词结构表示概数，借比喻或引申描述概数等方法。这里按照英语里概数的功能和构成特点分类阐述：
一．按概数的功能分类
1．限定可数名词的概数: many, a good/great many, many a, (not/quite)a few, few, several, a ( good ) multitude of, a couple of, dozens of, scores of, a score of, hundreds/thousands/millions…of, a ( great/large ) number of, numbers of, a group of, a team of, one out of/in ten, a pack of( 一群 )
Many hands make light work.众人拾柴火焰高。
A great many guests were invited to dinner.邀请大批客人就餐。
Many a ship has been wrecked on the rocks.不少船只撞在岩石上失事。
My friend speaks several languages.我朋友会讲好几种语言。
There are a couple of vacant rooms behind the office.办公室后有两三间空房。
He planned to buy dozens of reference books.他打算买几本参考书。
I'd escaped death a score of times by a hair's breadth.我多次死里逃生。
I've been there scores of times.我多次到过那里。
I have a number of things that I must see to.我有很多事要处理。
Numbers of people came to the meeting from all over the country.来自全国的许多人士出席了本次会议。
A group of children were playing tag.一群孩子正在拔河
Few words are best.少言最妙。
Three are too many to keep a secret and too few to be merry.人多难守密，人少不成欢。
Not a few readers wrote letters of commendation to the magazine.相当多的读者给杂志社写表扬信。
There are quite a few students absent from class today.今天有不少学生缺课。
In some parts of Britain, one person in ten, by the age of thirty, has no teeth left.英国有些地方十分之一的人年方三十，牙齿就脱光了。
A multitude of people assembled in the stadium.大批观众聚集在运动场。
They're just a pack of liars.他们不过是一群骗子而已。
2．限定不可数名词的概数: a little, little, much, a bit of, a good/great deal of, a large/great amount of, amounts of
I like the country, but I have little opportunity of seeing it.我喜爱这个国家，但少有机会观光。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.缺乏知识是一件危险的事。
The English do not drink much wine.英国人饮酒不多。
Let's have a bit of music.让咱们来点音乐。
He has given me a great deal of help.他已给我不少帮助。
A large amount of damage was done in a very short time.短期内造成了巨大损失。
He must often memorize large amounts of material.他一定经常记住了不少素材。
3．限定可数或不可数名词的概数: some, any, a lot of, lots of, lots and lots of, plenty of, a great/large/vast/quantity of, quantities of, enough, no end of ( 不少 )
Now you can give me some advice.现在你可以给我提点建议。
Ask some boys to help you.请些男孩来帮你。
If there is any trouble, let me know.如果有什么困难要让我知道。
What a lot of time you take to dress!你在穿戴上花的时间过多。
There are lots of things I can do.有许多事我能做。
When I was in London I saw lots and lots of her.我在伦敦常见到她。
She has plenty of imagination.她的想像力挺丰富。
I have plenty of humorous tales.我有不少幽默故事。
He collected a quantity of curious information.他收集了很多稀奇古怪的消息。
We've had quantities of rain this summer.今年夏天雨水充足。
Quantities of food were on the table.桌上有很多食物。
I had not enough confidence to go head.我没有太大的信心继续下去了。
We have enough seats for everyone.我们可为大家提供足够的座位。
I've warned you no end of times not to touch that machine.我多次警告你不要碰那台机器。
We had no end of fun at the party.我们在宴会上很开心。
二．按概数的构成分类
1．以容器量化的方式表达概数: a bag of, two baskets of, a mouthful of, a plate of, a pot of, a mug of, a pack of ( 一包 )，a pail of( 一桶 )，a bowl of, a basin of, three cups of
We bought three bags of groceries.我们买了三袋食品。
They ate a basket of plums.他们吃了一篮李子。
If there's only a mouthful of food left in the bowl, I will give it to you.如果有我一口饭，我都让给你。
On the table was a plate of beef and vegetables.桌上有一盘牛肉和青菜。
Father is a heavy smoker. He smoked a pack of cigarettes a day.爸爸烟瘾大，一天一包烟。
Two pots of jam were used in cooking.做饭用了两瓶果酱。
I have a mug of milk and some bread for my breakfast.我喝一大杯牛奶吃一点面包作为早餐。
2．用介词结构表达概数: in large quantities, in great numbers, in large amounts, , in pairs, in groups, in pieces, in dozens, in scores, in one's thousands, in one's thirties, in bulk, in multitude, in plenty, in the 1990's, in quantity, in pack, by ones and twos, by twos and threes , over..., around…, about…, below…, more than…, without numbers
Pack them in dozens.论打包装。
He is a young man in his thirties.他是一位30多岁的年轻人。
People came in scores.大家结队而来。
Activities are coming forward in great numbers.活动积极分子纷纷涌向前来。
They wandered off in pairs and chatted about their own affairs.他们成双成对结伴而行，聊着家常小事。
Things are usually cheaper if they are bought in bulk.批量采购会便宜一些。
Resources in plenty can be found in this territory.本地能找到丰富的资源。
The farms have water in plenty to last through the dry season.农场水源充足，可供旱季使用。
Heroic fighters emerged in multitude.英勇的战士大量涌现。
It is often less expensive to buy goods in quantity.批量购物要便宜不少。
Some people are standing about in small groups under the tree.人们站在树下，三五成群。
People began to leave the meeting by ones and twos.大家三三两两地离开会场。
Wolves hunt in packs.狼成群捕食。
3．借比喻或引申表达概数: a mountain of, an ocean of, oceans of, bags of( 很多 ), a dose of（ 大量 ），a stream of, a suggestion of ( 一点点 ), a suspicion of（ 少许 ）
He has a mountain of dirty clothes to wash.他有一大堆脏衣服要洗。
A mountain of letters arrived just after the report. 报告之后信件纷至沓来。
Oceans of time and money were/ An ocean of time and money was spent on the project.大量时间和大批资金都投入到这项工程。
No need to be hurried. We have bags of time.不必着急，我们有充足的时间。
There were bags of opportunities, but they lost them all.机会众多，但他们都错过了。
In the accident, the workers received a heavy dose of radiation. 工人在事故中受到严重幅射。
Streams of cars were passing by.一串串汽车急驰而过。
There was a suggestion of boredom in his tone.在他声音里有一丝疲乏。
She added a suspicion of garlic to the stew.他在燉肉里加了一点蒜。
There was a suspicion of tears in her eyes.他的眼中有一丝泪痕。
三．谈谈介词的否定意义
介词在英语中属于"小词"，事实上介词在英语中发挥的效力可不小。介词在英语中起着＂螺丝钉"的作用，它随处可见，且功能强大。其功能之一就是，它可以和介词宾语一起构成许多否定意义的成语或词组。介词否定表达简捷明意义深刻，其译文多采用译。
1.Above
The text is above me.（无法理解）
She thinks she is above criticism. (不容批评)
The child is above all nervousness. (一点也不紧张)
His conduct has always been above suspicion. (无可怀疑)
I think a gentleman like him is above doing such a thing. (不屑于)
Don't depend on me. It's above my bend. (力不所及)
He is above the weather now. (无病的)
2.Against
Almost everything was against him. (不利于)
He's always doing his best, against all odds. (不计成败)
3.At
The point is to win at any cost. (不惜一切代价)
At any rate, we've done something for you now. (不管怎样)
On the spot he was completely at sea. (不知所措)
4.Behind
The train is running behind time. (不准时)
Your ideas are all behind the times. (跟不上时代)
5.Between
The secret is between ourselves. (不得外传)
6.Before
Before long he realized that he was wrong. (不久)
I slipped out before the lecture began. (不等)
The guerrillas (游击队员) would fight to death before they surrendered. (决不)
7.Beneath
Lying is beneath him. (不合身分)
Such a fellow as that is beneath my notice. (不值一理)
8.Beside
What you said is quite beside the point. (不关正题)
9.Beyond
The news is beyond belief. (难以置信)
The stars are beyond number. (数不清)
The scene was beyond description. (无法形容)
Good advice is beyond price. (无价)
The facts are beyond dispute. (毋庸置疑)
My happiness was beyond words. (难以言表)
Doing such a thing is quite beyond my power. (无能为力)
与beyond 构成的短语还有：beyond all doubt毫无疑问；beyond all praise赞美不完； beyond comparison无与伦比；beyond control无法控制；beyond count不计其数；beyond example没有先例；beyond expression无法表达；beyond hope无望；beyond question无可争辩。
10.But
He was anything but pleased when he heard this. (才不)
11.By
What he said took me completely by surprise. (无思想准备)
12.For
For all I care, you can throw it away. (我才不在乎哩)
But for your help I would not have finished the job. (要不是)
He passed the test for a certainty. (无疑)
13.From
The child can't walk, far from running. (更不用谈)
So far from taking my advice, he went and did just what I warned him against. (不仅没有)
She kept herself from laughing. (使之不)
I knew he did it from his teeth. (毫无诚意)
　１4.In
I don't know what John intends to do; I'm in the dark about his plans. (不知道)
The people lifted the big stone in a breeze. (毫不费力)
Nothing can stop us .We all decide to start our journey in all weathers. (风雨无阻）
类似的短语还有in the clear不受妨碍; in the cloud心不在焉；in the egg未成熟；in the log未经加工；in the rough未完成。
15.In spite of
At the sight he laughed in spite of himself. (不由自主地)
The girl still wanted to marry the poor young man in spite of her parents' teeth. (不顾父母的反对)
16.Off
Keep off the grass. (不靠近)
I'm right off love stories for some reason. (不感兴趣)
He is off smoking now. (不再)
She was off duty yesterday. (不值班)
相似的词组还有off chance不会有机会；off color精神不好；off guard不警惕；off hand无准备；off one's feet不能控制自己；off sb's hand不再由某人负责；off one's mind不再挂念; off time不合时宜；off work没上工；off time不合时宜。
１7.On
I'm sorry. You're down on your luck. (运气不佳)
I knew you were on the cross about it. (不老实)
18.Out of
Out of sight, out of mind. (眼不见，心不烦)
It is quite out of fashion. (不时髦)
The book is out of print. (不再印发)
The man is quite out of humor. (不幽默)
Rest was now out of the question. (不可能)
还有相同的搭配:out of all reason无理；out of condition健康状况不好；out of control失控；out of count不计其数；out of date不合时日；out of line不成直线；out of luck运气不好；out of place不合时；out of question毫无疑问；out of time不合时宜。

9.Past
The old man is past work. (无力工作)
Those trousers are past mending. (无法修补)
The situation is past hope. (没有希望)
His poetry is past comprehension. (难以理解)
It's past question. (毫无疑问)
20.To
To a man John's friends stood by him in his trouble. (毫不例外)
He carried out his orders to the letter. (不折不扣)
The old man had a good memory. He remembered the past things to a hair. (细毫不差)
To a miracle he recited these poems in a breath. (不可思议)
21.Under
I know very well you're under thirty. (不满)
This packet of butter is under weight. (分量不足)
The boy can't go to school because he is under age. (年龄不够)
22.With
I'm through with him. (不再来往)
He was through with the job, and he wanted to find something interesting. (不想干)
The whole project was completed with a wet finger. (毫不费力)
23.Without
It was all done without necessary permit. (未经)
You can't do without money. (没有)
He often goes to school without his breakfast. (不吃)
I have helped him times without number. (无数)
without后还可引导这样一些短语：without a doubt无疑；without a moment's thought不加考虑；without day无期限；without end 无穷；without example 没有先例。

并列结构
并列(COORDINATION)与从属(suBoRDINATION)是两
种重要的表态手段，它们能够把两个或两个以上的信息连接起来表示出它们之间的相互关系，是同等的重要．还是有主次之分。比如这里有两句活：
Tom was doing his homework．
Jim was sleeping．
如果说话人认为这两句话所传递的信息在重要性上差不多是相等的，就可以把它们一前一后地排列起来，或者用并列连词把它们连接起来：
Tom was doing his homework． Jim was deeping
Tom was doing his homework，and Jim was sIeeping
如果在说话人看来，这两句话并非向等重要，便可以通过从属手段位次要的信息川现在从威分句中，而使主要的信息小现在主句中：
While Tom was doing his homework，Jim was sIeeping．
或者：
while Jim was sleeping，Tom was doing his homework．
在上述第一个复杂句巾，说话人把jim was sleeping放在主导的地位，而在第二个复杂句中，则是把Tom was doing his homework
放在主导的地位。这样一来，原来的两句句话在语义上便有主次之分了。由此可见，并列与从属是在表意中权衡轻重，调节说话口气的语法手段之一。
在本章，我们首先讲并列结构(CooRDINATE CONSTRUCTION)。并列结构的语法特征
并列结构可以是词和词的并列，可以是的组和词组的并列，也可以是分句和分句的并列。就并列项目的多少米说，并列结构既可以是双项并列，也可以是多项并列。
I) 双项并列
双项并列指两个词、两个词组或者两个分句的并列，"的并列结构形式。例如：
He js an intelligent and hardworking young man.
That was an exciting but dangerous trip.
jBoth the parents and their children want to live in the country (住在乡下)．
My father is old,but he is still in good health.
He won't live in the city,nor will his wife.
The man was with a wife but without children.
由上述诸例可以看出，并列结构通常都带有并列连词(cooRDLNAToR),并列连词所连接的两个项目通常是词类相同或者结构相同，句法功能也相同。 在上述第一例中出and连接的两个项目都是形容词，而且都是作young man的前置修饰话，这就是说并列项目都是在同一语法层次上。反之，如果两个项目的词类不同(比如一个是形容词，一个是名词)，或者句法功能不向(比如一个是作名词修饰语，一个是作补语)，那就不可能构成并列关系。如果词类相问，句法功能也相同，可是语法层次不同，那也不可能并列起来。例如；
a hrdworking young man
a well-known medical school
在上述第一例中hardworking和young 虽然都是形容词作名词的前置修饰语，但young 修饰man，而hardworking则修饰youngman，因此hardworking和young不在同一层次上，从而不是并列关系。同样地，在上述第二例中medical修饰schoo1，而well-known则是修饰础medical school，因此也不是并列关系。
2)多项并列
多项并列指由三个或三个以上项目构成的并列结构。在多项并列结构中，通常是在前面的每个并列项目之后用逗号，在最后一个并列项目之前用连词。例如：
There is a bed, a wardrobe, a desk, and several chairs in the room
Among the guests were the Hwiers, the Browns, Professor Lee, and some relatives of hers.
在多项并列结构中，为了达到一定的修辞目的也可以统统用逗号，不用连词；或者统统用连词，不用逗号。例如：
our tain qujckIy passed Suzhow,Wuxi，Zhangzhou,
and arrived at Nanjing about noon time.
在上述一例中，多项并列结构统统用逗号，给人以节奏明快的感觉。英语的并列连词就结构形式来说分为单词并列连词(SINGLE-WORD C00RDINATOR)，如and，or but：nor yet so； 关联并列连词(CORRELATIVE C00RDINATOR)，如both…and，not only…but(also)，eiher...or，neither…nor，not…but等。此外还有连词for是介乎并列连河和从属连词之间的，本书把它也放在并列连词中处理。
从语义上划分，英语的并列连词义可分为表示语义增进的并列表示因果的并列连词。
I．表示语义增进的并列连词
表示语义增进的并列连词以and为代表，not only．．b山(aIso)，nor，neither．．nor等。 语义增进是连词and所表示的主要意义。
He bought a table and two chairs．
I am interested jn chemitry(化学)and in mathematics(数学)。
John did the work,and he did it wel (约翰做了这件事．而且 做得好。)
You doubt his capacity,and with reson (你怀疑他的能力， 而且有理由怀疑、)
表示语义增进，and有时还可出现了句首，这主要用于非正式语体。例如：
Well he doesn't have a fever .And his pulse is fine.
"Just a litt[e cold，Chartie，"say the doctor"Better stay inside today, Charlie．And take it easy．"
"Did you serve in either or my last two campaigns?"
除表尔语义增进，连词and还可用于其他意义。比如表示对比和转折：
He was city-bred(在城里长大的)，and she was country-bred(在乡间氏大的)-She was rough(粗鲁)，and he was gentle(文雅)．
He is Jack of a11 trades and master of none． (他样样会， 门 门不精。)
There is all talk and no action. (尽是空谈，没有行动.)
He is so rich and lives like a beggar (他北常富有，而生活却象乞丐一般。)
又例如麦不条件：
Tell him anything，and he just looks at you blankly
(＝If you tell him anything，he just looks at you bIankly．)
Give me some more time，and I will show you how it can be done.
Think it over again and you'll find a way out
both...and是对加and意义的强化。例如：
Both Mary and her mother were not there
She is weIl known both for her kindness and for her intelligence．
要注意，both...and在用法上也不完全与and相同。比如我们可以说：
Mary and her mother were not there．
却通常不说：*Both Mary and her mother were not there．而应说；
Neither Mary nor her mother was there．
又例如and可用来连接两个分句，而both...and不可以.比如我们可以说：
Mary went marketing,and her mother did the cooking.
却不可以说：
*Both Mary went marketing, and her mother did the cooking．
再者，and可以连接两个以上的项目，而both…and却只限于两项。比如我们可以说：
He can sing and dance and play the violin.
He can both sing and dance．
却和可以说：
*He can both sing and dance and pIay the vioIin．
not only．．．but(aIso)与both．．and意义相近，但侧重在后一并列成
分。例如：
NOt only the mother but also the children are sick．
She can not only speak English but also write in it．
与both…and不同，not only...but(also)可用来连接两个分句，作这种用法时，not only所引导的分句需用倒装词序。例如：
Not only was everything he had taken away from him,but also
his German citizenship.(德国公民资格)．
nor，neither…nor是表示否定的语义增进，这就是说，如果上文是个否定结构，下文可用nor表示否定意义的增进。例如：
He is not interesed in physics(物理学)，nor in biology(生物学)．
The job cannot be done by you，nor by me，nor by anyone else．
It was not anger nor surprise，nor disapproval，nor horror, nor any of the emotions she had been prepared for．
如果用nor连接分句，随后得用倒装词序。例如；
*Both Mary went marketing, and her mother did the cooking．
再者，and可以连接两个以上的项目，而both…and却只限于两项。比如我们可以说：
He can sing and dance and play the violin.
He can both sing and dance．
却和可以说：
*He can both sing and dance and pIay the vioIin．
not only．．．but(aIso)与both．．and意义相近，但侧重在后一并列成分。例如：
NOt only the mother but also the children are sick．
She can not only speak English but also write in it．
与both…and不同，not only...but(also)可用来连接两个分句，作这种用法时，not only所引导的分句需用倒装词序。例如：
Not only was everything he had taken away from him,but also
his German citizenship.(德国公民资格)．
nor，neither…nor是表示否定的语义增进，这就是说，如果上文是个否定结构，下文可用nor表示否定意义的增进。例如：
He is not interesed in physics(物理学)，nor in biology(生物学)．
The job cannot be done by you，nor by me，nor by anyone else．
It was not anger nor surprise，nor disapproval，nor horror, nor any of the emotions she had been prepared for．
如果用nor连接分句，随后得用倒装词序。例如；
I don't want to go,nor will my wife．
neither... nor表示"既不……又不"的含义，加强了否定的意义例如：
Neither my father nor I will go there
He neither ate,nor drank,nor smoked．
如果用neither…nor连接两个分句，两者都要用倒装词序。
Neither has he called on her ,nor wtll he do so．
Neither has she much time, nor have I．
在下列诸句中，ne此er可用于nor的意义，但不是并列连厉
接副词：
She didn't give anything and neither did he．
＝She didn't give anything，nor did he．
＝She didn't give anything；neither did he．
The men were not well-dressed Nor／neither were the women
She hasn't much time and neitherr have I．
2) 表示语义转折和对比的并列连词
表示语义转拆和对比的并列连词以but为代表，此外还有not...but,yet,whereas, while，only等。例如：
He is hard-working but not very intelligent .
He would like to go, but he can't.
we were comingto see you , but it rained(so we didn't).
They would have written to you, but you told them not to.
Hc would have said no,but he was afraid．
和and一样，并列连词but也可出现于句首，表示语义转折，赵连接上下句的作用。例如：
When Galileo toId people of his discovery(发现)，no one would believe him． But Galileo was not discouraged.
When she saw that Abraham liked reading，she did all she could to help him． But the family was poor and the boy could not get many books.